This chapter is about how English-speaking children learn to encode and decode their written language, that is, their alphabetic orthography. With the learning loss and growing achievement gap during the COVID-19 pandemic, this topic is highly significant in spite of decades of research and consensus reports documenting the compelling evidence for explicit and systematic teaching of the alphabetic code.

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Originally published in Handbook on the Science of Early Literacy. Edited by Sonia Q. Cabell, Susan B. Neuman, and Nicole Patton Terry.
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